- Profit margin: This is a measure of a company's profitability, and is calculated by dividing the company's net income by its total sales revenue. The formula is:
Profit Margin = (Net Income / Total Sales) x 100
- Break-even point: This is the point at which a company's total revenue is equal to its total costs, and the company is neither making a profit nor a loss. It is calculated by dividing the total fixed costs by the difference between the price of the product and the variable cost per unit. The formula is:
Break-Even Point = Total Fixed Costs / (Price - Variable Cost per Unit)
- Time value of money: This is the concept that money available at the present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earning capacity. The time value of money is used to determine the present value (PV) or future value (FV) of an investment. The formulas for calculating PV and FV are:
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n
FV = PV x (1 + r)^n
where r is the interest rate, and n is the number of periods.
- Net present value (NPV): This is a measure of the profitability of an investment, and is calculated by comparing the present value of the investment's future cash flows to the initial investment. The formula is:
NPV = ∑ CFt / (1 + r)^t - Initial Investment
where CFt is the cash flow at time t, and r is the discount rate.
- Return on investment (ROI): This is a measure of the profitability of an investment, and is calculated by dividing the investment's net profit by its total cost. The formula is:
ROI = (Net Profit / Total Cost) x 100
- Gross margin: This is a measure of a company's profitability, and is calculated by subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS) from total revenue and dividing the result by total revenue. The formula is:
Gross Margin = (Total Revenue - COGS) / Total Revenue
- Debt-to-equity ratio: This is a measure of a company's financial leverage, and is calculated by dividing the company's total debt by its shareholder equity. The formula is:
Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Debt / Shareholder Equity
- Current ratio: This is a measure of a company's short-term liquidity, and is calculated by dividing the company's current assets by its current liabilities. The formula is:
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities
- Inventory turnover: This is a measure of a company's inventory management efficiency, and is calculated by dividing the company's cost of goods sold by its average inventory. The formula is:
Inventory Turnover = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory
- Price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio): This is a measure of a company's valuation, and is calculated by dividing the company's stock price by its earnings per share (EPS). The formula is:
P/E Ratio = Stock Price / EPS
Here are five problems that can be solved using the business math formulas listed above:
- A company has a net income of $100,000 and total sales of $500,000. What is the company's profit margin?
A) 20% B) 25% C) 30% D) 35%
Answer: B) 25%
Profit margin = (Net Income / Total Sales) x 100 = (100,000 / 500,000) x 100 = 0.2 x 100 = 20%
- A company has total fixed costs of $50,000 and a product that costs $100 to produce and sell. What is the break-even point for the company in units?
A) 500 units B) 1,000 units C) 2,000 units D) 5,000 units
Answer: C) 2,000 units
Break-even point = Total Fixed Costs / (Price - Variable Cost per Unit) = 50,000 / (100 - 100) = 50,000 / 0 = undefined
- An investment has a future value of $10,000 and an interest rate of 5% per year. How much is the present value of the investment after 3 years?
A) $8,254.44 B) $8,695.65 C) $9,174.43 D) $9,636.24
Answer: A) $8,254.44
PV = FV / (1 + r)^n = 10,000 / (1 + 0.05)^3 = 10,000 / 1.1576 = 8,254.44
- An investment has a net present value of $5,000 and an initial investment of $10,000. What is the return on investment for the investment?
A) 50% B) 100% C) 200% D) -50%
Answer: D) -50%
ROI = (Net Profit / Total Cost) x 100 = (5,000 / 10,000) x 100 = 0.5 x 100 = 50%
- A company has current assets of $100,000 and current liabilities of $50,000. What is the company's current ratio?
A) 0.5 B) 1.0 C) 1.5 D) 2.0
Answer: C) 1.5
Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities = 100,000 / 50,000 = 2.0
Thank you for reading this post on business math formulas! I hope that you have found it useful and that you have gained a better understanding of these important concepts. Whether you are just starting out in the business world or have been working in the field for years, it is always helpful to review and refresh your knowledge of math principles as they apply to business. Remember, having a strong foundation in business math will help you make informed decisions, analyze data, and succeed in your career. Thank you for taking the time to learn more about this topic, and I hope that you continue to grow and develop your skills in business math.